UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  PUBLICATIONS 

IN 

AMERICAN    ARCHAEOLOGY   AND    ETHNOLOGY 

Vol.  16,  No.  8,  pp.  475-485  August  21,  1920 


YUMAN  TRIBES  OF  THE 
LOWER  COLORADO 


BY 
A.  L.  KROEBER 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  PRESS 
BERKELEY 


Bancroft  Library 


CONTENTS 

PAGES 

NUMBER  1. — Myths  of  the  Southern  Sierra  Miwok,  Samuel  Alfred  Barrett         1-28 

NUMBER  2. — The  Matrilineal  Complex,  Eobert  H.  Lowie 29-45 

NUMBER  3. — Linguistic  Families  of  California,  Roland  B.  Dixon  and  A.  L. 

Kroeber 47-118 

NUMBER  4. — Calendars  of  the  Indians  North  of  Mexico,  Leona  Cope 119-176 

NUMBER  5. — Yurok  Geography,  T.  T.  Waterman _ 177-314 

NUMBER  6. — The  Cahuilla  Indians,  Lucile  Hooper 315-380 

NUMBER  7. — The  Autobiography  of  a  Winnebago  Indian,  Paul  Radin ....  381-473 

NUMBER  8. — Yuman  Tribes'  of  the  Lower  Colorado,  A.  L.  Kroeber 475-485 

INDEX  ..  -  487-491 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  PUBLICATIONS 
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AMERICAN  ARCHAEOLOGY  AND  ETHNOLOGY.— A.  L.  Kroeber,  Editor.  Prices, 

Volume  1,  $4.25;  Volumes  2  to  11,  inclusive,  $3.50  each;  Volume  12  and  following, 

$5.00  each. 

Cited  as  Univ.  Calif.  PubL  Am.  Arch.  Ethn.  Price 

Vol.  1.     1.  Life  and  Culture  of  the  Hupa,  by  Pliny  Earle  Goddard.    Pp.  1-88;  plates 

1-30.    September,  1903  „ $1.25 

2.  Hupa  Texts,  by  Pliny  Earle  Goddard.    Pp.  89-368.    March,  1904 3.00 

Index,  pp.  369-378. 
Vol.  2.     1.  The  Exploration  of  the  Potter  Creek  Cave,  by  William  J.  Sinclair.  Pp.  1-27; 

plates  1-14.    April,  1904  _ „ 40 

2.  The  Languages  of  the  Coast  of  California  South  of  San  Francisco,  by  A.  L. 

Kroeber.    Pp.  29-80,  with  a  map.    June,  1904 60 

3.  Types  of  Indian  Culture  in  California,  by  A.  L.  Kroeber.   Pp.  81-103.   June, 

1904  . „ 25 

4.  Basket  Designs  of  the  Indians  of  Northwestern  California,  by  A.  L. 

Kroeber.    Pp.  105-164;  plates  15-21.    January,  1905  _ .75 

5.  The  Yokuts  Language  of  South  Central  California,  by  A.  L.  Kroeber.    Pp. 

165-377.    January,  1907  _ 1 2.25 

Index,  pp.  379-392. 
Vol.  3.     The  Morphology  of  the  Hupa  Language,  by  Pliny  Earle  Goddard.    344  pp. 

June,  1905  „ 3.50 

Vol.  4.     1.  The  Earliest  Historical  Relations  between  Mexico  and  Japan,  from  original 

documents  preserved  in  Spain  and  Japan,  by  Zolia  Nuttall.  Pp.  1-47. 

April,  1906 ~ .50 

2.  Contribution  to  the  Physical  Anthropology  of  California,  based  on  collec- 

tions in  the  Department  of  Anthropology  of  the  University  of  California, 
and  in  the  U.  S.  National  Museum,  by  Ales  Hrdlicka.  Pp.  49-64,  with 
5  tables;  plates  1-10,  and  map.  June,  1906 _ 75 

3.  The  Shoshonean  Dialects  of  California,  by  A.  L.  Kroeber.    Pp.  65-166. 

February,  1907  ~ 1.50 

4.  Indian  Myths  from  South  Central  California,  by  A.  L.  Kroeber.    Pp.  167- 

250.    May,  1907  _ _ _ .75 

5.  The  Washo  Language  of  East  Central  California  and  Nevada,  by  A.  L. 

Kroeber.    Pp.  251-318.    September,  1907  75 

6.  The  Religion  of  the  Indians  of  California,  by  A.  L.  Kroeber.    Pp.  319-356. 

September,  1907  _. .60 

Index,  pp.  357-374. 
VoL  5.     1.  The  Phonology  of  the  Hupa  Language;  Part  I,  The  Individual  Sounds,  by 

Pliny  Earle  Goddard.    Pp.  1-20,  plates  1-8.    March,  1907 .35 

2.  Navaho  Myths,  Prayers  and  Songs,  with  Texts  and  Translations,  by  Wash- 

ington Matthews,  edited  by  Pliny  Earle  Goddard.  Pp.  21-63.  Septem- 
ber, 1907  _ _ 75 

3.  Kato  Texts,  by  Pliny  Earle  Goddard.    Pp.  65-238,  plate  9.    December,  1909    2.50 

4.  The  Material  Culture  of  the  Klamath  Lake  and  Modoc  Indians  of  North- 

eastern California  and  Southern  Oregon,  by  S.  A.  Barrett.  Pp.  239-292, 
plates  10-25.  June,  1910 — 75 

5.  The  CMmariko  Indians  and  Language,  by  Roland  B.  Dixon.    Pp.  293-380. 

August,  1910  1.00 

Index,  pp.  381-384. 
Vol.6.     1.  The  Ethno-Geography  of  the  Porno  and  Neighboring  Indians,  by  Samuel 

Alfred  Barrett.    Pp.  1-332,  maps  1-2.    February,  1908  3.25 

2.  The  Geography  and  Dialects  of  the  Miwok  Indians,  by  Samuel  Alfred 

Barrett.   Pp.  333-368,  map  3. 

8.  On  the  Evidence  of  the  Occupation  of  Certain  Regions  by  the  Miwok 
Indians,  by  A.  L.  Kroeber.  Pp.  369-380. 

Nos.  2  and  3  in  one  cover.    February,  1908 .50 

Index,  pp.  381-400. 
Vol.  7.    1.  The  Emeryville  Shellmound,  by  Max  Uhle.    Pp.  1-106,  plates  1-12,  with  38 

text  figures.    June,  1907  1.25 

2.  Recent  Investigations  bearing  upon  the  Question  of  the  Occurrence  of 
Neocene  Man  in  the  Auriferous  Gravels  of  California,  by  William  J. 
Sinclair.  Pp.  107-130,  plates  13-14,  February,  1908 -  .35 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA   PUBLICATIONS 

IN 

AMERICAN    ARCHAEOLOGY   AND    ETHNOLOGY 

Vol.  16,  No.  8,  pp.  475-485  August  21,  1920 


BY 

A.  L.  KROEBER 


Besides  the  Mohave  and  Yuma,  who  are  well-known  tribes  still 
living  in  some  numbers  about  Needles  and  Yuma,  five  or  six  other 
tribes  of  Yuman  lineage  once  occupied  the  banks  of  the  lower  Colorado 
river.  Of  these  half  dozen,  only  the  Cocopa  and  Kamia  retain  their 
identity,  and  the  latter  are  few.  The  others  are  extinct  or  merged. 
In  order,  upstream,  the  Yuman  tribes  of  the  river  were  the  Cocopa, 
Halyikwamai,  Alakwisa,  Kohuana,  Kamia,  Yuma,  Halchidhoma,  and 
Mohave.  The  following  discussion  of  this  string  of  peoples  refers 
chiefly  to  the  less  known  ones  among  them  and  is  based  on  information 
obtained  from  the  Mohave  and  on  statements  in  the  older  literature. 

COCOPA 

The  Cocopa,  called  Kwikapa  by  the  Mohave,  held  the  lowest  courses 
of  the  river;  chiefly,  it  would  seem,  on  the  west  bank.  They  have 
survived  in  some  numbers,  but  have,  and  always  had,  their  principal 
seats  in  Baja  California.  They  are  mentioned  in  1605,  and  seem  to 
be  Kino's  Hogiopa  or  Bagiopa  in  1702. 

HALYIKWAMAI  AND  AKWA'ALA 

The  Halyikwamai,  as  the  Mohave  call  them,  are  the  Quicama  or 
Quicoma  of  Alarcon  in  1540,  the  Halliquamallas  or  Agalecquamaya 
of  Onate  in  1605,  the  Quiquima  of  Kino  in  1701-02,  the  Quiquima 
or  Jalliquamay  of  Garces  in  1776,  and  therefore  the  first  California 
group  to  have  a  national  designation  recorded  and  preserved.  Onate 
puts  them  next  to  the  Cocopa  on  the  east  bank  of  the  Colorado,  Garces 
on  the  west  bank  between  the  Cocopa  and  Kohuana.  Garces  estimated 


476  University  of  California  Publications  in  Am.  Arch,  and  Ethn.        [Vol.  16 

them  to  number  2000,  but  his  figures  on  the  population  of  this 
region  are  high,  especially  for  the  smaller  groups.  It  seems  impossible 
that  three  or  four  separate  tribes  should  each  have  shrunk  from  2000 
or  3000  to  a  mere  handful  in  less  than  a  century,  during  which  they 
lived  free  and  without  close  contact  with  the  whites. 

The  discrepancies  between  the  habitat  assigned  on  the  left  bank 
by  one  authority  and  on  the  right  by  the  other,  for  this  and  other 
tribes,  are  of  little  moment.  It  is  likely  that  every  nation  on  the  river 
owned  on  both  sides,  and  shifted  from  one  to  the  other,  or  divided, 
according  to  fancy,  the  exigencies  of  warfare,  or  as  the  channel  and 
farm  lands  changed.  The  variations  in  position  along  the  river,  on 
the  contrary,  were  the  result  of  tribal  migrations  dependent  on 
hostilities  or  alliances. 

The  Mohave,  who  do  not  seem  to  know  the  name  Quigyuma  or 
Quiquima,  say  that  the  Halyikwamai  survive,  but  know  them  only 
as  mountaineers  west  of  the  river.  West  of  the  Cocopa,  that  is,  in 
the  interior  of  northernmost  Baja  California,  they  say  is  Avi-aspa, 
"eagle  mountain,"  visible  from  the  vicinity  of  Yuma;  and  north  of 
it  another  large  peak  called  Avi-savet-kyela.  Between  the  two  moun- 
tains is  a  low  hilly  country.  This  and  the  region  west  of  Avi-aspa  is 
the  home  of  the  Akwa'ala  or  Ekwa'ahle,  a  Yuman  tribe  whose  speech 
seems  to  the  Mohave  to  be  close  to  the  Walapai  dialect,  and  different 
from  the  Diegueno.  They  were  still  there  in  some  numbers  about 
thirty  years  ago,  the  Mohave  say.  They  rode  horses;  they  did  not 
farm.  They  were  neighbors  of  the  Kamia-ahwe  or  Diegueno,  and 
occasionally  met  the  Mohave  at  Yuma  or  among  the  Cocopa. 

The  Halyikwamai,  according  to  the  Mohave,  adjoined  the  Akwa'ala 
on  the  north,  nearer  the  Yuma,  and  like  the  Akwa'ala  were  hill 
dwellers.  They  also  did  not  farm,  but  migrated  seasonally  into  the 
higher  mountains  to  collect  mescal  root,  vadhilya.  They  did  not,  in 
recent  times,  come  to  the  river  even  on  visits,  evidently  on  account  of 
old  feuds  between  themselves  and  the  Yuma  and  Kamia.  In  the  last 
war  expedition  which  the  Yuma  and  Mohave  made  against  the  Cocopa 
— about  1855 — the  Akwa'ala  and  Halyikwamai  were  allied  with  the 
Cocopa. 

It  would  seem  therefore  that  the  Halyikwamai  or  Quigyuma  or 
Quiquima  are  an  old  river  tribe  that  was  dispossessed  by  its  more 
powerful  neighbors,  took  up  an  inland  residence,  and  of  necessity 
abandoned  agriculture. 


1920]  Kroebcr:    Yitnian  Tribes  of  the  Lower  Colorado  477 


ALAKWISA 

The  country  of  the  Alakwisa  is  occasionally  mentioned  by  the 
Mohave  in  traditions,  but  the  tribe  seems  to  have  been  extinct  for 
some  time,  and  fancy  has  gathered  a  nebulous  halo  about  its  end. 
Here  is  the  story  ;is  told  by  an  old  Mohave. 

• '  When  I  was  young,  an  old  Mohave  told  me  how  he  had  once  come  home- 
ward from  the  Cocopa,  and  after  running  up  along  the  river  for  half  a  day,  saw 
house  posts,  charcoal,  broken  pottery,  and  stone  mortars.  He  thought  the  tract 
must  still  be  inhabited,  but  there  was  no  one  in  sight.  He  ran  on,  and  in  the 
evening  reached  the  Kamia,  who  told  him  that  he  had  passed  through  the  old 
Alakwisa  settlements.  His  Kamia  friends  said  that  they  had  never  seen  the 
Alakwisa,  the  tribe  having  become  extinct  before  their  day,  but  that  they  had 
heard  the  story  of  their  end.  It  is  as  follows. 

' '  There  was  a  small  pond  from  which  the  Alakwisa  used  to  draw  their  drink- 
ing water,  and  which  had  never  contained  fish.  Suddenly  it  swarmed  with  fish. 
Some  dug  wells  to  drink  from,  but  these  too  were  full  of  fish.  They  took  them, 
and,  although  a  few  predicted  disaster,  ate  the  catch.  Soon  women  began  to 
fall  over  dead  at  the  metate  or  while  stirring  fish  mush,  and  men  at  their 
occupations.  They  were  playing  at  hoop  and  darts,  when  eagles  fought  in  the 
air,  killed  each  other,  and  fell  down.  The  Alakwisa  clapped  their  hands,  ran  up, 
and  gleefully  divided  the  feathers,  not  knowing  that  deaths  had  already  occurred 
in  their  homes.  As  they  wrapped  the  eagle  feathers,  some  of  them  fell  down 
dead;  others  lived  only  long  enough  to  put  the  feathers  on. 

' '  Another  settlement  discovered  a  jar  under  a  mesquite  tree,  opened  it,  and 
found  four  or  five  scalps.  They  carried  the  trophies  home,  mounted  them  on 
poles,  but  before  they  reached  the  singer,  some  dropped  lifeless,  and  others  fell 
dead  in  the  dance.  So  one  strange  happening  crowded  on  another,  and  each 
time  the  Alakwisa  died  swiftly  and  without  warning.  Whole  villages  perished, 
no  one  being  left  to  burn  the  dead  or  the  houses,  until  the  posts  remained  stand- 
ing or  lay  rotting  on  the  ground,  as  if  recently  abandoned.  So  the  Kamia  told 
my  old  Mohave  friend  about  the  end  of  the  Alakwisa. ' ' 

Fabulous  as  is  this  tale,  it  is  likely  to  refer  to  an  actual  tribe, 
although  the  name  Alakwisa  may  be  only  a  synonym  of  story  for 
Halyikwamai  or  some  other  familiar  term  of  history. 


KOHUANA 

The  Kohuana  or  Kahuene  of  the  Mohave  are  Alarcon  's  Coana  and 
the  Cohuana  or  Coguana  of  Onate,  who  found  them  in  nine  villages 
above  the  Halyikwamai.  Kino  seems  to  mean  them  by  his  "Cutgana." 
Garces  in  1776  called  them  Cajuenche,  placed  them  above  the  Hal- 
yikwamai and  below  the  Yuma,  and  estimated  that  there  were  3000 
of  them.  Their  fortunes  ran  parallel  with  those  of  the  Halchidhoma, 
and  the  career  of  the  two  tribes  is  best  considered  together. 


478  University  of  California  Publications  in  Am.  Arch,  and  Ethn.        [Vol.  16 


KAMIA 

Next  above  were  the  Kamia,  also  recorded  as  the  Comeya,  Quemaya, 
Comoyatz,  or  Camilya.  There  is  much  confusion  concerning  them, 
owing  to  the  fact  that  besides  the  farming  tribe  on  the  river,  who 
alone  are  the  true  Kamia  of  the  Mohave,  the  Southern  Diegueno  call 
themselves  Kamiai,  and  the  Mohave  call  all  the  Diegueno  "foreign 
Kamia."  It  is  however  well  established  that  a  group  of  this  name 
was  settled  on  the  Colorado  adjacent  to  the  Yuma. 


YTJMA 

Above  the  Kamia  were  the  Yuma,  who  call  themselves  Kwichyana 
or  Kuchiana  and  are  known  to  the  other  Yumans  by  dialectic  variants 
of  the  same  name.  They  are  the  Hukwats  of  the  Chemehuevi,  the 
Hatilshe  of  the  Apache  (this  term  however  includes  other  Yuman 
tribes  also),  the  Garroteros  of  some  Spanish  authors.  Garces  esti- 
mated their  population  at  3000.  Kino  seems  to  have  been  the  first 
author  to  call  them  Yumas.  He  puts  them  at  the  confluence  of  the 
Gila  and  Colorado,  with  settlements  reaching  up  the  affluent  to  the 
vicinity  of  114°  15'  or  perhaps  twenty  miles  in  an  air  line,  and  down 
the  main  stream  about  the  same  distance,  say  to  the  Mexican  boundary. 
The  Cutgana  whom  he  mentions  as  a  separate  nation,  west  of  the 
Halyikwamai  and  associated  with  them,  are  more  likely  the  Kohuana 
than  the  Kuchiana- Yuma. 


HALCHIDHOMA  AND  KOHUANA 

The  Halchidhoma  or  Halchadhoma,  as  the  Mohave  know  them, 
were  unquestionably  at  one  time  an  important  nation,  suffered  reverses, 
and  at  last  lost  their  identity  among  the  Maricopa,  although  there  are 
almost  certainly  survivors  today  with  that  tribe.  Onate  found  them 
the  first  tribe  on  the  Colorado  below  the  Gila.  Kino  brings  them  above 
the  Gila.  They  had  no  doubt  taken  refuge  here  from  the  Yuma  or 
other  adjacent  enemies,  but  can  have  profited  little  by  the  change, 
since  it  brought  them  nearer  the  Mohave,  who  rejoiced  in  harrying 
them.  Garces  makes  them  extend  fifteen  leagues  northward  along  the 
river  to  a  point  an  equal  distance  south  of  Bill  Williams  fork.  He 
was  among  them  in  person  and  succeeded  in  patching  up  a  temporary 
peace  between  them  and  the  Mohave.  -He  calls  them  Alchedum  or 


1920]  Kroeber:   Yuman  Tribes  of  the  Lower  Colorado  479 

usually  Jalchedun,  but  they  can  scarcely  still  have  numbered  2500 
in  1776,  as  he  states. 

The  Mohave  report  that  the  Kohuana  and  Halchidhoma  once  lived 
along  the  river  at  Parker,  about  halfway  between  the  Mohave  and 
Yuma  territories.  The  period  must  have  been  subsequent  to  1776, 
since  the  location  corresponds  with  that  in  which  Garces  found  the 
Halchidhoma,  whereas  in  his  day  the  Kohuana  were  still  below  the 
Yuma.  Evidently  they  too  found  living  too  uncomfortable  in  the 
turmoil  of  tribes  below  the  confluence  of  the  Gila — the  Mohave  say 
that  they  lived  at  Aramsi  on  the  east  side  of  the  stream  below  the 
Yuma  and  were  troubled  by  the  latter — and  followed  the  Halchidhoma 
to  the  fertile  but  unoccupied  bottom  lands  farther  up.  If  they  had 
been  free  of  a  quarrel  with  the  Mohave,  their  union  with  the  Hal- 
chidhoma brought  them  all  the  effects  of  one. 

It  must  have  been  about  this  period  of  joint  residence  that  the 
Halchidhoma,  attempting  reprisals,  circled  eastward  and  came  down 
on  the  Mohave  from  the  Walapai  mountains.  In  this  raid  they  cap- 
tured a  Mohave  girl  at  Ahakwa'-a'i  whom  they  drove  to  their  home 
at  Parker  and  then  sold  to  the  Maricopa.  Subsequently  in  an  attack 
on  the  latter  tribe,  the  Mohave  found  a  woman  who,  instead  of  fleeing, 
stood  still  with  her  baby,  and  when  they  approached,  called  to  them 
that  she  was  the  captive.  They  took  her  back,  she  married  again, 
and  had  another  son,  Cherahota,  who  was  still  living  in  1904.  Her 
half- Maricopa  son  grew  up  among  the  Mohave,  and,  becoming  a  shaman, 
was  killed  near  Fort  Mohave.  This  indicates  that  he  reached  a 
tolerable  age. 

But  the  preponderance  of  numbers  and  aggressions  must  have  been 
on  the  side  of  the  Mohave,  because  they  finally  _  crowded  both  Hal- 
chidhoma and  Kohuana  south  from  Parker,  back  toward  the  Yuma. 
The  Halchidhoma  settled  at  Aha-kw-atho 'ilya,  a  long  salty  "lake"  or 
slough,  that  stretched  for  a  day's  walk  west  of  the  river  at  the  foot 
of  the  mountains.  The  Kohuana  moved  less  far,  to  Avi-nya-kutapaiva 
and  Hapuvesa,  but  remained  only  a  year,  and  then  settled  farther 
south,  although  still  north  of  the  Halchidhoma. 

After  a  time,  the  Mohave  appeared  in  a  large  party,  with  their 
women  and  children.  They  would  scarcely  have  done  this  if  their  foes 
had  retained  any  considerable  strength.  It  was  a  five  days'  journey 
from  Mohave  valley  to  the  Kohuana.  The  northerners  claimed  the 
Kohuana  as  kinsmen  but  kept  them  under  guard  while  the  majority 
of  their  warriors  went  on  by  night.  They  reached  the  settlements  of 


480  University  of  California  Publications  in  Am.  Arch,  and  Ethn.        [Vol.  16 

the  Halchidhoma  in  the  morning,  the  latter  came  out,  and  an  open 
fight  ensued,  in  which  a  few  Halchidhoma  were  killed,  while  of  the 
Mohave  a  number  were  wounded  but  none  fell.  In  the  afternoon,  the 
Mohave  returned — pitched  battles  rarely  ended  decisively  among  any 
of  these  tribes — and  announced  to  the  Kohuana  that  they  had  come  to 
live  with  them.  They  also  invited  the  Halchidhoma  to  drive  them 
out ;  this  the  latter  were  probably  too  few  to  attempt.  For  four  days 
the  Mohave  remained  quietly  at  the  Kohuana  settlements,  doctoring 
their  wounded.  They  had  probably  failed  to  take  any  Halchidhoma 
scalps,  since  they  made  no  dance.  The  four  days  over,  they  marched 
downstream  again,  arrived  in  the  morning,  and  fought  until  noon, 
when  they  paused  to  retire  to  the  river  to  drink.  The  Halchidhoma 
used  this  breathing  space  to  flee.  They  ran  downstream,  swam  the 
river  to  the  eastern  bank,  and  went  on  to  Avachuhaya.  The  Mohave 
took  six  captives  and  spoiled  the  abandoned  houses. 

After  about  two  days,  the  Mohave  account  proceeds,  they  went 
against  the  foe  once  more,  but  when  they  reached  Avachuhaya  found 
no  one.  The  Halchidhoma  had  cut  east  across  the  desert  to  take  refuge 
with  the  Hatpa-'inya,  the  "east  Pima"  or  Maricopa.  Here  ends  their 
career;  and  it  is  because  of  this  merging  of  their  remnant  with  the 
Maricopa,  that,  when  the  Mohave  are  asked  about  the  latter  tribe, 
they  usually  declare  them  to  have  lived  formerly  on  the  river  between 
themselves  and  the  Yuma :  the  Halchidhoma  are  meant.  There  can  be 
little  doubt  that  the  Maricopa  too  were  once  driven  from  the  river  to 
seek  an  asylum  among  the  alien  and  powerful  Pima ;  but  the  Spanish 
historical  notices  place  them  writh  the  latter  people  on  the  Gila  for  so 
long  a  time  back,  to  at  least  the  beginning  of  the  eighteenth  century, 
that  their  migration  probably  far  antedates  the  period  which  native 
tradition  traverses. 

The  Mohave  decided  to  stay  on  in  the  land  above  Aha-kw-atho 'ilya 
which  the  Halchidhoma  had  possessed,  expecting  that  the  latter  would 
return.  They  remained  all  winter.  There  is  said  to  have  been  no 
one  left  in  the  Mohave  country.  In  spring,  when  the  mesquite  was 
nearly  ripe,  and  the  river  was  soon  to  rise,  thus  opening  the  planting 
season,  the  Mohave  went  home,  traveling  three  days.  The  Kohuana 
went  with  them  under  compulsion,  but  without  use  of  violence. 

For  five  years  the  Kohuana  lived  in  Mohave  valley.  Then  they 
alleged  an  equally  close  kinship  with  the  Yuma  and  a  wish  to  live 
among  them.  The  Mohave  allowed  them  to  go.  Ten  days'  journey 
brought  them  to  their  ancient  foes.  After  four  years  of  residence 


1920]  Kroeber:    Yumnn  Tribes  of  the  Lower  Colorado  481 

there,  one  of  their  mimlter  was  killed  by  the  Yuma  and  his  body  hidden. 
His  kinsmen  found  it  and  resolved  to  leave  as  soon  as  their  going 
would  not  be  construed  as  due  to  a  desire  for  revenge — an  interpreta- 
tion that  might  bring  an  immediate  Yuma  attack  upon  them.  They 
waited  a  year;  and  then  their  chief  Tinyam-kwacha-kwacha,  "Night- 
traveler,"  a  man  of  powerful  frame,  so  tall  that  a  blanket  reached 
only  to  his  hips,  led  them  eastward  between  the  mountains  Kara'epa 
and  Avi-hachora  up  the  Gila.  They  found  the  Maricopa  at  Maricopa 
Wells,  recounted  the  many  places  at  which  they  had  lived,  and  asked 
for  residence  among  their  hosts.  Aha-kurrauva,  the  Maricopa  chief, 
told  them  to  remain  forever. 

So  runs  the  Mohave  story,  the  date  of  which  may  be  referred  to  the 
period  about  1820  to  1840.  In  1851  Bartlett  reported  10  Cawina 
surviving  among  the  Maricopa.  But  this  was  an  underestimation,  as 
a  further  Mohave  account  reveals. 

About  1883,  the  same  Mohave  who  is  authority  for  the  foregoing, 
having  been  told  by  certain  Kohuana  who  had  remained  among  the 
Mohave,  or  by  their  half-Mohave  descendants,  that  there  were  kinsmen 
of  theirs  with  the  Maricopa,  went  to  Tempe  and  there  found  not  only 
Kohuana  but  Halchidhoma,  although  the  Americans  regarded  them 
both  as  Maricopa.  The  Kohuana  chief  was  Hatpa'-ammay-ime, 
' '  Papago-f oot, "  an  old  man,  whom  Ahwanchevari,  the  Maricopa  chief, 
had  appointed  to  be  head  over  his  own  people.  Hatpa-  'ammay-ime  had 
been  born  in  the  Maricopa  country,  but  his  father,  and  his  father's 
sister,  who  was  still  living,  were  born  while  the  Kohuana  spent  their 
five  years  among  the  Mohave.  He  enumerated  6  old  Kohuana  men 
as  still  living  and  10  young  men— 36  souls  in  all  besides  a  few  children 
in  school. 

These  statements,  if  accurate,  would  place  the  Kohuana  abandon- 
ment of  the  river  at  least  as  early  as  1820;  and  this  date  agrees  with 
the  remark  of  an  old  Mohave,  about  1904,  that  the  final  migration  of 
the  tribe  occurred  in  his  grandfather's  time.  It  does  not  reconcile 
with  the  fact  that  a  son  of  the  Mohave  woman  taken  captive  by  the 
Halchidhoma — who  are  said  to  have  fled  to  the  Maricopa  ten  years 
earlier  than  the  Kohuana — was  still  living  in  1904.  In  any  event,  in 
1776  both  tribes  were  still  on  the  Colorado  and  sufficiently  numerous 
to  be  reckoned  substantially  on  a  par  with  the  Yuma  and  Mohave ;  in 
1850,  when  the  Americans  came,  they  were  merged  among  the  Mari- 
copa, and  of  the  seven  or  eight  related  but  warring  Yuman  nations 
that  once  lined  the  banks  of  the  stream,  there  remained  only  three — 


482  University  of  California  Publications  in  Am.  Arch,  and  Etlin.        [Vol.  16 

the  Cocopa,  Yuma,  and  Mohave — and  a  fragment  of  a  fourth,  the 
Kamia.  The  drift  has  quite  clearly  been  toward  the  suppression  of 
the  smaller  units  and  the  increase  of  the  larger — a  tendency  probably 
of  influence  on  the  civilization  of  the  region,  and  perhaps  stimulative 
in  its  effects. 

MOHAVE 

The  Mohave,  Garces'  Jamajab,  call  themselves  Hamakhava.  Their 
territory  was  Mohave  valley,  which  extends  from  the  canyon  through 
which  the  river  flows  at  Needles  peaks  to  somewhat  above  Fort  Mohave. 
Most  of  the  lowlands  are  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  river,  but  a  glance 
at  a  topographic  map  suggests  that  the  course  of  the  stream  through 
the  valley  has  been  shifting.  At  present  part  of  the  tribe  has  been 
settled  on  a  reservation  downstream  about  Parker.  Being  a  historically 
well-known  people,  the  Mohave  need  not  be  considered  here. 

WALAPAI 

Between  Mohave  valley  and  the  Grand  canyon,  the  Walapai  may 
have  owned  or  claimed  land  down  to  the  eastern  or  southern  bank  of 
the  Colorado.  But  they  are  a  mountain,  not  a  river  people.  In  fact 
the  shores  of  the  stream  are  uninhabitable  in  this  forbidding  stretch 
of  raw  furrowed  rock.  •  The  Walapai  therefore  fall  outside  the  scope 
of  this  review. 

HISTOEICAL  IDENTIFICATIONS 

The  native  information  now  accumulated  allows  the  valuable  find- 
ings of  the  Onate  expedition  of  1605.  as  related  by  Escobar  and  by 
Zarate-Salmeron,  to  be  profitably  summarized,  reinterpreted,  and 
compared  with  the  later  data. 

In  Mohave  valley,  a  ten  days '  journey  from  the  mouth  of  the  river 
as  the  natives  then  reckoned — and  still  count — Onate  found  the 
Amacavas  or  Amacabos.  This  tribe  has  therefore  occupied  the  same 
tract  for  at  least  three  centuries.  Their  "Curraca,"  or  "Lord"  is  <• 
only  kwora'aka,  "old  man."  Onate  went  downstream  five  leagues 
through  a  rocky  defile — the  canyon  at  the  foot  of  the  Needles  peaks — 
and  emerged  in  Chemehuevi  valley,  where  other  members  of  the  same 
nation  were  living.  This  is  the  only  reference,  historical  or  from  native 
sources,  which  puts  the  Mohave  actually  in  Chemehuevi  valley.  So 
far  as  their  present  memory  goes,  they  used  to  gather  mesquite  in 
Chemehuevi  valley,  but  maintained  no  settlements  there. 


1920]  Knxbt-r:    Yiiiinin  Triht*  ,,f  tin-  l.,,,r,  r  Colorado  483 

Below  Ihr  Mohave.  evident ly  in  the  region  about  Parker  or  beyond. 
( )fiatt'  encountered  an  allied  nation  of  the  same  speech,  the  Bahacechas. 
This  name  seems  unidentifiable.  Their  head,  Cohota,  was  so  named 
for  his  office:  he  was  tin-  koliota  or  entertainment  chief  of  the  Mohave. 

On  the  River  of  the  Name  of  Jesus,  the  Gila,  Oiiate  found  a  less 
affable  people  of  different  appearance  and  manners  and  of  difficult 
speech,  who  claimed  twenty  villages  all  the  way  up  the  stream.  These 
he  calls  Ozaras,  or  Osera,  a  name  that  also  cannot  be  identified.  The 
Relation  gives  the  impression  that  this  tribe  stood  apart  from  all  those 
on  the  Colorado.  They  do  not  seem  to  be  the  Maricopa,  whose  speech 
even  today  is  close  to  that  of  the  river  tribes.  The  most  convincing 
explanation  is  that  they  were  the  Pima  or  Papago,  or  at  least  some 
Piman  division,  who  then  lived  farther  down  the  Gila  than  subse- 
quently. This  agrees  with  the  statement  that  they  extended  to  the 
shores  of  the  sea;  and  with  Escobar's  suspicion,  based  on  the  recollec- 
tion of  two  or  three  words,  that  they  were  Tepeguanes :  that  is,  of  the 
Piman  group. 

Along  the  Colorado  from  the  Gila  to  the  ocean,  all  the  Colorado 
nations  were  like  the  Bahacechas  in  dress  and  speech,  that  is  Yumans. 

The  first  were  the  Halchedoma,  or  Alebdoma,  in  8  pueblos;  the 
northernmost  alone  was  estimated  to  contain  160  houses  and  2000 
people ;  the  nation  to  number  four  or  five  thousand. 

Next  came  the  Cohuana  in  9  villages,  of  5000  inhabitants,  of  whom 
600  followed  the  expedition. 

Below  were  the  Agalle,  Haglli,  or  Haclli,  a  "settlement"  of  5 
rancherias,  and  near-by  the  Halliquamallas  or  Agalecquamaya,  of  four 
or  five  thousand  souls,  of  whom  more  than  2000  assembled  from  their 
6  villages.  The  former  cannot  be  recognized  in  any  modern  tribe 
and  may  have  been  part  of  the  Halyikwamai. 

Finally,  in  9  pueblos,  reaching  down  to  where  the  river  became 
brackish  five  leagues  above  its  mouth,  were  the  Cocopa. 

The  mythical  island  Ziiiogaba  in  the  sea  sounds  as  if  it  might  be 
named  from  "woman,"  thenya'aka  in  Mohave,  and  ara,  "house."  Its 
chief tainess  Cinaca  Cohota  is  certainly  "  woman-Jto/iotfa. "  "Acilla," 
the  ocean,  is  Mohave  hatho'ilya.  Other  modern  dialects  have  "s" 
where  Mohave  speaks  "th."  The  name  Esmalcatatanaaha  applied 
by  the  Bahacecha  chief  Otata  to  a  fabulous  large-eared  race,  analyzes 
in  modern  Mohave  into  asmalyka,  "ear,"  and  a  reduplication  of 
tahana,  "very,"  "indeed,"  "large."  It  is  clear  that  the  languages 
of  the  Colorado  have  changed  comparatively  little  in  three  centuries. 


484  University  of  California  Publications  in  Am.  Arch,  and  Ethn.        [Vol.  16 

The  same  permanence  applies  to  the  speech  of  the  Ch.umash  of  the 
Santa  Barbara  archipelago :  the  discoverer  Cabrillo  's  forms  tally 
rather  closely  with  the  data  obtained  in  recent  decades. 

Apart  from  the  Ozara  on  the  Gila,  Onate  thus  found  six  or  seven 
Yuman  nations  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Colorado.  Five  of  these  are 
familiar,  one  or  two  appear  tinder  unknown  designations,  and  the 
Yuma  and  Kamia  are  not  mentioned.  Possibly  they  remained  on  the 
California  side  of  the  river  and  thus  failed  of  enumeration.  But  if 
the  foreign  Ozara  held  the  Gila  to  its  mouth,  there  would  have  been  no 
place  for  the  Yuma  in  their  historic  seats. 

Kino,  who  visited  the  river  only  from  the  mouth  of  the  Gila  down, 
in  1701-02,  reports  these  tribes :  above  the  Gila,  the  Alchedoma ;  from 
the  Gila  confluence  down,  as  well  as  up  that  stream,  the  Yuma ;  next 
below,  the  Quiquima — the  Halyikwamai;  not  definitely  located,  but 
near  the  last  and  apparently  intimately  associated  with  them,  the 
Cutgana — probably  the  Kohuana.  At  the  mouth  of  the  Colorado  were 
the  Hogiopa  or  Bagiopa.  When  on  the  lowest  reaches  of  the  river, 
he  speaks  of  ' '  Quiquimas,  Cutganas,  and  Hogiopas  who  had  come  from 
the  west  and  from  the  southwest."  Elsewhere  he  mentions  them  as 
the  people  next  south  from  the  Quiquima  and  speaking  a  different 
language.  He  appears  to  have  encountered  no  Hogiopa  villages  on  the 
east  bank.  The  Hogiopa  are  evidently  the  Cocopa.  North  and  north- 
west from  the  Quiquima,  apparently  off  the  river,  he  puts  the  Coanopa 
or  Hoabonoma  (?),  who  are  unidentified.  Five  tribes  thus  appear 
under  more  or  less  recognizable  names.1 

The  chief  changes  in  the  century  between  Onate  and  Kino  are  the 
following.  The  non-Yuman  Ozara  have  disappeared  from  the  Colorado. 
Their  place  at  the  mouth  of  the  Gila  has  been  taken  by  the  Yuma. 
The  Halchidhoma  have  moved  from  below  to  above  the  Gila. 

Alarcon's  data,  the  earliest  of  all  for  the  region,  are  unusually 
valuable  in  their  picture  of  customs,  but  give  few  names  of  tribes  and 
scarcely  allow  of  their  exact  geographical  placing.  The  Quicama, 
Coana,  and  Cumana  are  mentioned.  The  Cumana  (Kamia?)  are  not 
positively  identifiable.  The  Quicama  and  Coana  are  of  course  the 
Halyikwamai  and  Kohuana.  As  the  Quicama  were  the  farther  down- 
stream of  the  two,  but  had  other  tribes — possibly  the  Cocopa  and 
Akwa'ala — between  them  and  the  sea,  it  seems  as  if  they  may  already 
have  been  occupying  their  precise  historic  tracts  at  this  early  period. 

i  Bolton,  editor  and  translator  of  Kino,  suggests  that  the  Coanopa  be  con- 
strued as  the  Kohuana,  and  the  Cutgana  as  the  Kuchiana  or  Yuma.  This  puts 
on  Kino  the  onus  of  having  divided  the  Yuma  into  two  differently  named  tribes. 


1920]  Kroeber:   Yuman  Tribes  of  the  Lower  Colorado  485 

As  regards  life,  many  well-known  elements  of  the  later  culture  are 
mentioned  by  Alarcon :  maize,  beans,  squashes  or  gourds,  pottery, 
clubs,  dress,  coiffure,  berdaches,  cremation,  intertribal  warfare,  atti- 
tude toward  strangers,  relations  with  the  mountain  tribes;  as  well  as 
characteristic  temperamental  traits,  such  as  enthusiasm ;  stubbornness 
under  fatigue  or  provocation;  and  a  generally  ebullient  emotionality 
whether  of  anger,  alarm,  or  friendship. 

Alarcon  and  Melchior  Diaz  in  1540,  Onate  in  1605,  Kino  in  1702, 
Garces  in  1776,  accordingly  found  conditions  on  the  river  much  as 
they  were  when  the  Americans  came.  The  tribes  battled,  shifted,  and 
now  and  then  disappeared.  The  uppermost  and  lowest  were  the  same 
i'or  three  hundred  years:  Mohave  and  Cocopa.  Among  the  conflicts, 
customs  remained  stable.  If  civilization  developed,  it  was  inwardly; 
the  basis  and  manner  of  life  were  conservative. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 

ALARC6N,  FERNANDO  DE.     Eelacion,  1540.     In  English  in  Hakluyt,  Voyages,  in, 

1600;  reprinted  1810;  in  French  in  Ternaux-Compans,  Voyages,  tx,  1838. 
BARTLETT,  J.  R.    Personal  Narrative,  etc.,  1854. 
BOLTON,  H.  E.    Spanish  Exploration  in  the  Southwest,  1916. 

— .     Father  Escobar's  Relation  of  the  Onate  Expedition  to  California. 

Catholic  Historical  Review,  v,  19-41,  1919. 
— '  — .     Kino's  Historical  Memoir  of  Pimeria  Alta,  1919. 
COUES,  ELLIOTT.    On  the  Trail  of  a  Spanish  Pioneer,  the  Diary  and  Itinerary  of 

Francisco  Garc6s,  1900. 
ESCOBAR:  see  BOLTON. 
FACES,  PEDRO:  see  PRIESTLEY. 
GARCES,  FRANCISCO:  see  COUES. 
KINO,  EUSEBIUS:  see  BOLTON. 
ONATE:  see  ZARATE-SALMER6N. 
PRIESTLEY,  H.  I.     The  Colorado  River  Campaign,  1781-1782,  Diary  of  Pedro 

Fag6s.     Publications  of  the  Academy  of  Pacific  Coast  History,  in,  135- 

233,  1  plate,  1913. 
ZARATE-SALMER6N.    Relacion.    Translated  in  BOLTON,  Spanish  Exploration  in  the 

Southwest,  and  in  Land  of  Sunshine,  xi,  no.  6,  1899;  XH,  nos.  1,  2,  1900. 


INDEX* 


Africa,  post-marriage  residence  in, 
34;  avuncular  relationships  in,  39, 
4.",. 

Agalecquamaya.    See  Halyikwamai. 

A  giille   (Hacfli,  Haglli),  483. 

Alitrna,  137,  153. 

Akwa'ala  (Ekwa'ahle),  475,  484. 

Alakwisa,  475,  477. 

Aldit'doma,  Alchedum,  Alebdoma. 
See  Halchidhoma. 

Aleut,  139,  153. 

Algonkiii  (Algonquin),  112.  129. 

Amacabos  (Amaeavas),  482. 

Anglo-Ewe,  39.     See  also  Ewe. 

Annals  (historical  "calendars"),  121. 

Apache,  32. 

Arapaho,  33,  112. 

Arcturus,  121. 

Arikara,  135,  155. 

Assiniboine,  33. 

Athabascan,  51,  97,  113. 

Australia,  post -marriage  residence  in, 
34,  38,  43. 

Autobiography  of  a  Winnebago  In- 
dian, 381-473;  youth,  385;  mode 
of  life,  386,  391,  398,  406,  412,  424; 
social  customs,  393,  405,  446,  463, 
466;  ideals  and  spiritual  beliefs, 
388,  395,  396,  410,  417,  430-449, 
451;  fasting,  386,  388,  395,  450, 
454;  feasting,  395,  420,  430,  437, 
463;  peyote,  430-449;  shamanism, 
400,  421,  455;  precepts,  450-473. 

Avunculate,  31,  35-42;  use  of  term, 
35;  summary  of  details,  40;  as  evi- 
dence of  diffusion,  43;  as  evidence 
of  independent  growth,  44;  not 
necessarily  a  feature  of  matronymy, 
45. 

Bagiopa.     See  Hogiopa. 

Bahacechas,  483. 

Bakongo,  34,  39. 

Banks  Islands,  avuncular  relations 
in  37,  43. 

Bannock,  135,  155. 

Bantu,  34,  39,  43.  See  also  Bakongo; 
Herero. 

Barrett,  S.  A.,   1. 

Bayou  Lacomb,  Louisiana,  residence 
of  Choctaw  Indians,  31. 

Beliefs.     See  Myths;  Origin  beliefs. 

Bella  Coola,  135,  149. 

Beothuk,  155. 

Big  Lagoon,  264. 

Blackfoot,  33,  129,  155. 

Bows  and  arrows,  358,  398. 

Burial  customs,  343. 


Cahuilla  Indians,  The,  315-380;  .11  \  i 
sions:  habitats,  316;  myths,  317, 
364-378;  ceremonies:  religious, 
328,  348;  burial,  344;  initiation 
and  puberty,  345,  347;  shamanism, 
333;  spiritual  beliefs,  339,  342; 
songs,  344;  social  orders,  349; 
social  and  hygienic  customs,  349, 
355;  war-like  and  legal  usages, 
355-356;  mode  of  life  and  indus- 
tries, 356-360;  dogs,  361;  kno^vl- 
edge,  362;  bibliography,  379. 

Cahuilla,  Desert,  316  passim. 

Cahuilla,  Mountain,  316,  348. 

Cahuilla,  Pass,  316,  333. 

Calendars  of  the  Indians  North  of 
Mexico,  119-176;  types  of,  139- 
144;  areas  of  distribution,  145; 
regional  types  of,  146;  similarities 
in  types  of,  due  to  diffusion  or  like 
conditions,  147;  types  of,  listed  by 
tribes,  149,  153,  155;  map  showing, 
opp.  119;  types  of,  used  by  the 
Cahuilla,  362.  See  also  Annals; 
Day;  Equinoxes;  Events;  Month; 
Moon;  Solstice;  Stars;  Summer; 
Sun;  Tides;  Time-reckoning;  Week; 
Winter ;  Year. 

Calendrical  system,  120. 

California,  linguistic  families  of,  47- 
118;  map  showing  distribution  of, 
opp.  47;  location  of  Yurok  in,  182, 
maps  showing,  183. 

Camilya.     See  Kamia. 

Carrier,  155. 

Cawina,  481. 

Ceremonial  nomenclature,  146. 

Ceremonies,  345,  347,  395,  400,  430; 
Eagle,  348;  mourning,  328;  sol- 
stitial, 142. 

Chehalis,  144. 

Chemehuevi,  316. 

Cheyenne,  33. 

Chilcotin,  148. 

Chilkat,  143. 

Chimariko,  54,  103. 

Choctaw,  31,  35,  36,  135,  155. 

Chontal  (linguistic  kinship),  103. 

Chumash  (linguistic  kinship),  54,  103, 
484. 

Clans,  349;  misuse  of  term,  29. 

Clothing   (dress),   357,  485. 

Coahuilla  reservation,  316. 

Coana.    See  Kohuana. 

Coanopa  (Hoabonoma?),  484. 

Cocopa,  316,  475,  482,  483,  484,  485. 

Coguana   (Cohuana).     See  Kohuana. 


*  Univ.  Calif.  Publ.  Am.  Arch.  Ethn.,  Vol.  16. 

[487] 


Index 


Colorado,  Yuman  Tribes  of  the 
Lower,  475-485. 

Comanche,  130. 

Comeya  (Comoyatz).     See  Kamia. 

Constellations,  121.    See  also  Stars. 

Cope,  Leona,  119. 

Costanoan,  54,  100. 

Cree,  Eastern,  33,  155;  Plains,  127, 
155. 

Creek,  31. 

Cremation,  485. 

Cross-cousin  marriage,  40. 

Crow,  31,  41,  42. 

Culture.  See  Cahuilla;  Calendars; 
Myths;  Winnebago;  Yuman  tribes; 
Yurok. 

Cumana,  484. 

Cupeno,  316. 

Cutgana.     See  Kohuana. 

Dakota,  Eastern,  33,  132,  155;  Sisse- 
ton,  155;  Teton,  155. 

Day,  and  its  subdivisions,  124;  diur- 
nal periods,  126. 

Delaware,  155. 

Del  Norte  county,  182. 

Diegueno  (Kamia-ahwe),  141,  149, 
476,  478. 

Dieri,  38. 

Dog  Eibs,  124,  155. 

Dipper,  126. 

Dixon,  Roland  B.,  and  Kroeber,  A.  L., 
47. 

Domingo   (Sunday),  124. 

Dress  (clothing),  357,  485. 

Dry  lagoon,  265;  plate  showing,  opp. 
312. 

Eagle  ceremony,  348. 

Economic  importance  of  winter  sol- 
stice, 142. 

Ekwa'ahle.    See  Akwa'ala. 

Equinoxes,  121. 

Eskimo,  121;  Central,  33;  Copper, 
135;  Greenland,  123;  Kaniagmiut, 
141,  144,  153;  Lower  Yukon,  155; 
of  Melville  Peninsula,  136;  Point 
Barrow,  123,  132,  155;  south  of  the 
Yukon  delta,  155;  of  the  Ungava 
District,  132,  137,  141. 

Esselen,  54,  103. 

European  influences  on  time-reckon- 
ing, 124. 

Evening  star,  121. 

Events,  seasonal,  basis  for  time- 
reckoning,  123;  solar,  136;  terres- 
trial, 136.  See  also  Lunar  phases; 
Lunations. 

Ewe,  34.     See  also  Anglo-Ewe. 

Families,  Linguistic,  of  California, 
47-118. 

Father-sib,  20. 

Fiesta  week,  mourning  ceremony  of 
the  Cahuilla,  328. 

Fijians,  37. 


Food,  185,  356,  392,  485. 

Fox,  155. 

Freshwater  lagoon,  264;  plate  show- 
ing, opp.  310. 

Future  life,  ideas  about,  342. 

Gabrielino,  316. 

Games,  360. 

Garroteros.     See  Yuma. 

Genetic  relationship  of  linguistic 
families,  50. 

"Gentes, "  misuse  of  term,  29. 

Geography,  Yurok,  177-314. 

Glossary  of  Indian  words,  26;  48- 
118;  125-168;  177-314. 

Greenland,  methods  of  time-reckon- 
ing in,  122. 

Gros  Ventre,  33. 

Guinea,  Upper,  avuncular  relation- 
ship in,  39. 

Haclli  (Haglli).     See  Agalle. 

Haida,  32,  44,  135,  149,  155;  Masset, 
131,  149;  Skidegate,  131,  149. 

Halchadhoma  (Halchedhoma).  See 
Halchidhoma. 

Halchidhoma  (Alchedum,  Alebdoma, 
Halchadhoma,  Jalchedun),  475,  478, 
480,  481,  493,  484. 

Halliquamallas.      See    Halyikwamai. 

Halyikwamai  (Agalecquamaya,  Halli- 
quamallas, Jalliquamay,  Quicama, 
Quicoma,  Quigyuma,  Quiquima), 
475,  476,  477,  483. 

Hamakhava.     See  Mohave. 

Hano,  135,  149. 

Hare,  155. 

Hatilshe.    See  Yuma. 

Hatpa-'inya.    See  Maricopa. 

Herero,  34. 

Hidatsa,  31. 

Hoabonoma  (?).     See  Coanopa. 

Hogiopa  (Bagiopa),  475,  484. 

Hokan  family,  establishment  of,  54; 
discussion,  103-112;  scope  of,  112. 

Hooper,  Lucille,  315. 

Hopi,  32,  35,  36,  41,  44,  45,  123,  149. 

Hottentots,  39. 

Houses,  123,  357,  385,  392;  Yurok 
house  names,  208,  209-213;  Yurok 
houses,  views  of,  opp.  290,  292,  302, 
306,  308,  314. 

Huchnom,  143. 

Hukwats.     See  Yuma. 

Humboldt  county,  182. 

Hupa,  137,  184,  256. 

Industries,  184,  219,  359-360,  385, 
386,  391,  398. 

Initiation  ceremonies  among  the 
Cahuilla,  345. 

Intercalation,  122. 

Iowa,  35,  155. 

Iroquois,  31,  36,  45,  155. 

' '  Iskoman, ' '  54,  103.   See  also  Hokan. 


[488] 


Index 


Jalchedun.     See  Halchidhoma. 

Jalliquamay.     See  Halyikwamai. 

Jamajab.     See  Mohave. 

Jemez,  135,  149. 

Juaneno,  130,  316. 

Kahuene.    See  Kohuana. 

Kai,  40. 

Ksii^ani,  128. 

Kamia  (Camilya,  Comeya,  Comoyatz, 
Quemaya),  475,  478. 

K:miia-ahwe.     See  Diegueno. 

Kaniagmiut,  144,  153. 

Kansa,   130,  155. 

Karok,  184,  255,  307;  language,  54, 
103. 

Kato,  114. 

Khasi  of  Assam,  35,  45. 

"Kin,"  use  of  term,  30. 

Kinship,  mode  of  reckoning,  29,  67. 

Kiowa,  124,  130,  155. 

Klamath,  143. 

Klamath  river,  179,  182,  227,  255; 
plates  showing  views  of,  opp.  288, 
290,  294,  300,  302,  304,  306. 

Kohuana  (Cajuenche,  Coana,  Cogu- 
ana,  Cohuana,  Cutgana,  Kahuene), 
475,  477,  479,  480,  481,  483,  484. 

Koskimo,  132,  149. 

Kroeber,  A.  L.,  47,  475. 

Kuchiana.     See  Yuma. 

Kwakiutl,  132,  149.  See  also  Kos- 
kimo, Nakwartok,  Nimkish,  Ma- 
malelekala. 

Kwichyana.     See  Yuma. 

Language,  47-118,  179. 

Legal  usages,  223,  356,  412. 

Lenape  (Lenni  Lenape),  130,  155. 

Lillooet,  143,  153. 

Linguistic  Families  of  California,  47- 
118;  map  showing,  opp.  47.  See 
also  Algonkin;  Athabascan;  Ho- 
kan;  Iskoman;  Penutian;  Eitwan; 
Shoshonean;  Yukian. 

Loucheux,  155. 

Lower  Thompson  band,  153. 

Lowie,  Eobert  H.,  29. 

Luiseno,  137,  149,  316. 

Lunar  phases,  lunations,  basis  of 
month,  121,  128. 

Lutuami,  114. 

Mackenzie  tribes,  121. 

Maidu,  135,  139,  155;  of  California, 
140;  language,  54,  100. 

Makah  (Makaw),  135,  141,  149. 

Makonde,  34,  39. 

Malecite,  127,  155. 

Mamalelekala,  132,  149. 

Mandan,  31,  155. 

Maricopa  (Hatpa-'inya),  478,  479, 
480,  481,  483. 

Mariposa  (Southern  Sierra)  Miwok, 
myths,  1. 


Marriage,  353,  405;  cross-cousin,  40; 
marriage  precepts,  463;  post-mar- 
riage customs,  see  Matrineal  Com- 
plex. 

Matriarchate,  45. 

Matrilineal  Complex,   The,   29-45. 

Matrilineal  descent,  31 ;  not  regularly 
accompanied  by  matrilocal  factor, 
34. 

Matrilineal  inheritance,  31;  among 
the  Herero,  39. 

Matrilocal  residence,  31,  32,  33,  34, 
35;  not  necessarily  a  feature  of 
matronymy,  44. 

Matronymy,  34,  35;  relation  of 
avuncular  customs  to,  37,  43; 
matrilocal  residence  or  avunculate 
not  necessarily  features  of,  44. 

Melanesia,  post-marriage  residence  in, 
34;  avuncular  relations  in,  37,  38, 
43. 

Menomini,  36. 

Micmac,  134,  155. 

Miwok,  48;  of  the  Southern  Sierra: 
myths  of,  1-28. 

Modoc,  148,  153. 

Mohave  (Hamakhava,  Jamajab),  316, 
475,  478-482,  485;  permanence  of 
speech,  483. 

Moieties,  349. 

Montagnais,  155. 

Month,  128;  length  of,  129.  See  also 
Lunar  phases. 

Moon,  123,  128,  362;  recognition  of 
the  phases  of,  129. 

Morning  star,  121. 

Mother-sib,  30,  33,  35,  36,  37. 

Muskokee,  155. 

Myths,  186,  192,  200,  209,  228,  317, 
364-378,  477;  in  abstract  form,  24. 
See  also  Yurok,  myths  of. 

Myths  of  the  Southern  Sierra  Miwok, 
1-28. 

Nah-ane,  155. 

Nakwartok,  132,  149. 

Nandi,  40. 

Nascapee,  125. 

Natchez,  155. 

Navaho,  32,  36,  124,  155. 

Netchilli  (Netchillik),  126,  149. 

New  Hebrides  Islands,  avuncular  re- 
lationships in  the,  37. 

Night,  divisions  of  the,  126. 

Nimkish,  132,  149. 

Nomenclature,  148;  ceremonial,  146. 

Nootka,  122,  128,  149. 

Northern  Plains  tribes,  31.    See  also 

,   Mandan;  Hidatsa;  Crow. 

Northwest  Coast  Indians,  31,  37,  121. 
See  also  Pacific  Coast  tribes. 

Notched  sticks,  historical  "calen- 
dar," 121. 

Oceania,  34. 


[489] 


Index 


Ojibwa,  155. 

Omaha,  33,  36,  155. 

Onondaga,  155. 

Origin  beliefs,  2,  190,  317,  364. 

Orion's  belt,  121. 

Orthography  and  phonology,  of  the 
Yurok,  179. 

Osage,  148,  155. 

Osera.     See  Ozara. 

Oto,  35,  155. 

Ovambo,  34. 

Ozara  (Osera),  483,  484. 

Pacific  Coast  tribes,  32.  See  also 
Tlingit;  Tsimshian. 

Paiute,   Southern,   316. 

Palaihnihan,  linguistic  kinship,   48. 

Papago.     See  Pima. 

Patrilineal  complex,  40. 

Patrilineal  system  substituted  for 
matrilineal  system  in  Melanesia, 
38. 

Patrilocal  residence,  32,  33. 

Pawnee,  36,  137,  155. 

Pen  languages,  100,  101. 

Penutian  (linguistic)  family,  estab- 
lishment of,  54;  discussion  of,  55- 
98;  geography  and  historical  inter- 
relations of,  98-102;  relation  to 
Yukian,  117-118. 

Peruvians,  127. 

Peyote,  430-449. 

Phonology  and  orthography,  of  the 
Yurok,  179. 

Pima  (and  Papago),  140,  155,  483; 
the  "east"  (Maricopa),  480. 

Piskwaus,  149. 

Place  names,  Yurok.  See  Yurok  place 
names. 

Plateau  tribes,  121. 

Pleiades,  121. 

Porno   (linguistic  kinship),  54,  103. 

Pottery,  359,  485. 

Powell,  classification,  and  map,  of  the 
linguistic  families  of  America,  48. 

Precepts  of  the  Winnebago,  450-473. 

Property  rights,  223,  356. 

Puberty  -ceremonies,  345,  347. 

Pueblo  Indians,  31,  32,  139.  See  also 
Hopi;  Ziini;  Sia. 

Quemaya.     See  Kamia. 

Quicama  (Quicoma,  Quigyuma,  Qui- 
quima).  See  Halyikwamai. 

Quileutes,  130. 

Eadin,  Paul,  381. 

"Ritwan"  family,  establishment  of 
the,  54;  discussion  of,  112-113. 

Salinan,  linguistic  kinship,  54. 

Salish,  149. 

Samoans,  37. 

Saturday,  124. 

Sauk,  155. 

Saulteaux,   Northern,   132,  155. 


Seasonal  events,  basis  of  time  reck- 
oning, 123. 

Seasons,  132;  names  for,  133;  num- 
ber of  recognized,  133. 

Seminole,  136,   155. 

Seri,  linguistic  kinship  of,  103. 

Serrano,  316. 

Shamanism,  333,  400,  421,  455. 

Shasta,  Shastan,  linguistic  kinship, 
48,  54,  103. 

Shasta-Achomawi,  48. 

Shoshonean,  54,  114-115,  316. 

Shushwap,  143,  153,  155. 

Sia,  32. 

"Sib,"  use  of  term,  30. 

Sibless  or  patronymic  groups,  avun- 
cular relationships  among,  39. 

Siciatl,  149. 

Sioux,  36,  38. 

Slavery,  155. 

Social  orders,  349. 

Solar  events,  basis  of  time  reckon- 
ing, 136. 

Solstice,  122;  observation  of,  122; 
summer,  123;  winter,  122. 

Solstitial  ceremonials,  142. 

Songs,  enemy,  344. 

South  America,  calendrical  svstem 
in,  127. 

Southeastern  tribes,  31.  See  also 
Choctaw;  Creek;  Timucua;  Yuchi. 

Southern  Sierra  Miwok,  Myths  of 
the,  1-28. 

Spence's  Bridge  band,  153. 

Spirits,  23,  200,  364,  388,  397,  410, 
431,  451. 

Stars,  121,  363.  See  also  Arcturus; 
Dipper;  Orion's  belt;  Pleiades; 
Ursa  Major. 

Stlatlumn,  125. 

Stone  lagoon,  264;  plate  showing, 
opp.  310. 

StsEelis,  143,  153. 

Summer  solstice,  123. 

Sun,  123;  dial,  125;  houses,  123. 

Sunday,  124. 

Supernatural  beings  in  the  form  of 
rocks,  21,  297. 

Tahltan,  155.  - 

Tepeguanes,  483. 

Tequistlatecan,   103. 

Terrestrial  events,  basis  of  time 
reckoning,  123,  136. 

Tewa,  36,  123,  149. 

Thompson,  143,  153. 

Thonga,  38,  39. 

Tides,  ebb  and  flow  of,  126. 

Time  reckoning,  methods  of,  120; 
basis  of,  121-124;  units  of,  124- 
139;  variability  in  mode  of  desig- 
nating, 130.  See  also  Day;  Week; 
Month;  Seasons;  Year;  Calendars. 


[490] 


Index 


Timucua,  31,  128. 

Tlingit,  32,  38,  43,  140,  153,  155. 

Tolowa,  184. 

Tongans,  37. 

Torres  islands,  avuncular  relation- 
ships in,  37. 

Trinidad  bay,  182;  plates  showing 
views  of,  opp.  284  and  314. 

Trinity  river,  182,  255;  plate  show- 
ing view  of,  opp.  304. 

Tsekehne,  155. 

Tsilkoh'tin,  155. 

Tsimshian,    32,    143. 

Tusayan,  149. 

Unalit,  155. 

Ungava  district,  methods  of  time 
reckoning  in,  122. 

Ursa  Major,  121. 

Ute,  methods  of  time  reckoning 
among,  125,  132,  155. 

Uti  languages,  99,   101. 

Vasu  institutions,  37. 

Fasii-like  privileges,  39. 

Wailaki,  114. 

Walapai,  482. 

Wappo,  53,  116. 

Washo,  104. 

Waterman,  T.  T.,  177. 

Wilson  Creek,  182,  227;  plate  show- 
ing views  at  the  mouth  of,  opp. 
286. 

Week,  126. 

Winnebago,  35,  36,  130,  155.  See 
also  The  Autobiography  of  a  Win- 
nebago Indian. 

Winter-counts,  historical  ' '  calen- 
dars," 121. 

Winter  solstice,  121;  economic  im- 
portance of,  142. 

Wintun,  54,  100. 

Wiyot,  54,   112. 

Wyandot,  127,  136. 

Yana,  54,  103. 

Yao,  39. 

Year,  136;  solar,  137;  methods  of  cor- 
rection of  count,  137. 

Yokuts,   136;    language,  48,   54,   100. 


Yosemite  Valley,  myths  of,  21;  glos- 
sary of  place  names,  26. 

Yuchi,  31,   155. 

Yuki,  Yukian,  52,  113,  115-118.  . 

Yuman  Tribes  of  the  Lower  Colo- 
rado, 316,  475-485;  history  since 
1605,  482;  culture  of,  485.  See  also 
Agalle;  Akwa'ala;  Alakwisa;  Al- 
chedoma;  Amacabos;  Bahacechas; 
Cawina;  Coanopa;  Cocopa;  Gum- 
ana;  Diegueno;  Halchedhoma;  Hal- 
rlmlhoma;  Halyikwamai;  Hogiopa; 
Kamia;  Kohuana;  Maricopa;  Mo- 
have;  Ozara;  Pima;  Tepeguanes; 
Walapai;  Yuma. 

Yuma  (Garroteros,  Hatilshe,  Huk- 
wat,  Kuchiana,  Kwichyana),  316, 
475,  478,  480,  481,  484. 

Yuman,  linguistic  kinship,  48,  54, 
103. 

Yurok,  142,  149;  characteristics,  201; 
descent  and  inheritance  among, 
223;  terms  of  direction  and  posi- 
tion, 193,  194;  geographical  con- 
cepts, 189,  map,  192;  geographical 
expressions,  list  of,  194;  descrip- 
tive geography,  226;  houses  and 
ceremonial  places,  views  of,  opp. 
290,  292,  302,  306,  308,  314;  house 
names,  208,  lists  of,  209-213;  idea 
of  the  world,  map  showing,  192; 
language,  54,  112;  location  of  ter- 
ritory, 182;  mode  of  life,  184; 
myths  and  religious  beliefs,  186, 
189-193,  200,  209,  228  (also  notes 
on  descriptive  geography,  and 
legends  under  plates) ;  phonology 
and  orthography  of,  179;  place 
names,  179,  186,  195,  197,  214-218, 
list  of,  273-283,  glossary  of,  187- 
189,  198,  199,  map  showing  distri- 
bution of,  opp.  186;  property  rights 
among,  218;  towns  and  settlements, 
distribution  of,  200,  list  of,  206- 
207;  sites,  plates  showing,  opp.  286, 
288,  294,  300,  302,  304,  312,  314. 

Yurok  Geography,  177-314. 

Zufii,  32,  35,  36,  123,  149. 


[491] 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  PUBLICATIONS— (Continued) 

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Harrington.    Pp.  177-188.    April,  1914 _ 10 

3.  Sarsl  Texts,  by  Pliny  Earle  Goddard.    Pp.  189-277.    February,  1915 „    1.00 

4.  Serian,  Tequistlatecan,  and  Hokan,  by  A.  L.  Kroeber.    Pp.  279-290.    Febru- 

ary, 1915  _ _ ~ _ .10 

5.  Dichotomous  Social  Organization  In  South  Central  California,  by  Edward 

Winslow  Gifford.    Pp.  291-296.    February,  1916  ..._ 05 

6.  The  Delineation  of  the  Day-Signs  In  the  Aztec  Manuscripts,  by  T.  T.  Water- 

man.   Pp.  297-398.    March,  1916  _ _ _     1.00 

7.  The  Mutsim  Dialect  of  Costanoan  Based  on  the  Vocabulary  of  De  la  Cuesta, 

by  J.  Alden  Mason.    Pp.  399-472.    March,  1916  „ _ _      .70 

Index,  pp.  473-479. 
VoL  12.  1.  Composition  of  California  Sbellmounds,  by  Edward  Winslow  Gifford.    Pp. 

1-29.    February,  1916  „ _ .30 

2.  California  Place  Names  of  Indian  Origin,  by  A.  L.  Kroeber.    Pp.  31-69. 

June,  1916  _ „ _ 40 

3.  Arapaho  Dialects,  by  A.  L.  Kroeber.    Pp.  71-138.    June,  1916 „ .70 

4.  Mlwok  Moieties,  by  Edward  Winslow  Gifford.    Pp.  139-194.    June,  1916.._      .55 

5.  On  Plotting  the  Inflections  of  the  Voice,  by  Cornelius  B.  Bradley.    Pp.  195- 

218,  plates  1-5.    October,  1916 _ 36 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  PUBLICATIONS— (Continued) 

6.  Ttibatulabal  and  Kawaiisu  Kinship  Terms,  by  Edward  Winslow  Clifford. 

Pp.  219-248.    February,  1917  .30 

7.  Bandolier's  Contribution  to  the  Study  of  Ancient  Mexican  Social  Organiza- 

tion, by  T.  T.  Waterman.    Pp.  249-282.    February,  1917 .35 

8.  Miwok  Myths,  by  Edward  Winslow  Gifford.    Pp.  283-338,  plate  6.    May, 

1917  _ .55 

9.  California  "Kinship  Systems,  A.  L.  Kroeber.    Pp.  339-396.    May,  1917 .60 

10.  Ceremonies  of  the  Porno  Indians,  by  S.  A.  Barrett.     Pp.  397-441,  8  text 

figures.    July,  1917 „ _ _      .45 

11.  Porno  Bear  Doctors,  by  S.  A.  Barrett.  Pp.  443-465,  plate  7.    July,  1917 .25 

Index,  pp.  467-473. 

VoL  IS.  1.  The  Position  of  Yana  in  the  Hokan  Stock,  by  E.  Sapir.    Pp.  1-34.    July, 

1917  „ „ 35 

2.  The  Yana  Indians,  by  T.  T.  Waterman.    Pp.  35-102,  plates  1-20.    February, 

1918  „ .75 

3.  Yahi  Archery,  by  Saxton  T.  Pope.    Pp.  103-152,  plates  21-37.    March,  1918      .75 

4.  Yana  Terms  of  Relationship,  by  Edward  Sapir.    Pp.  153-173.    March,  1918      .25 

5.  The  Medical  History  of  Ishi,  by  Saxton  T.  Pope.    Pp.  175-213,  plates  38-44, 

8  figures  in  text.    May,  1920  ..._ 45 

Vol.14.  1.  The  Language  of  the  Salinan  Indians,  by  J.  Alden  Mason.     Pp.  1-154. 

January,  1918  1.75 

2.  Clans  and  Moieties  in  Southern  California,  by  Edward  Winslow  Gifford. 

Pp.  155-219,  1  figure  in  text.  March,  1918 „ .75 

8.  Ethnogeography  and  Archaeology  of  the  Wiyot  Territory,  by  Llewellyn  L. 

Loud.    Pp.  221-436,  plates  1-21,  15  text  figures.    December,  1918 2.50 

4.  The  Wintun  Hesi  Ceremony,  by  S.  A.  Barrett.    Pp.  437-488,  plates  22-23, 

3  figures  in  text.    March,  1919 75 

5.  The  Genetic  Relationship  of  the  North  American  Indian  Languages,  by 

Paul  Radin.    Pp.  489-502.    May,  1919  „      .15 

VoL  15.  1.  Ifugao  Law,  by  R.  F.  Barton.    Pp.  1-186,  plates  1-33.    February,  1919 „    2.00 

2.  Nabaloi  Songs,  by  C.  R.  Moss  and  A.  L.  Kroeber.    Pp.  187-206.    May,  1919      .20 

VoL  16.   1.  Myths  of  the  Southern  Sierra  Miwok,  by  S.  A.  Barrett.    Pp.  1-28.    March, 

1919  _ „ „ „ SO 

2.  The  Matrilineal  Complex,  by  Robert  H.  Lowie.  Pp.  29-45.  March,  1919 .15 

3.  The  Linguistic  Families  of  California,  by  Roland  B.  Dixon  and  A.  L. 

Kroeber.    Pp.  47-118,  map  1,  1  figure  in  text.    September,  1919 76 

4.  Calendars  of  the  Indians  North  of  Mexico,  by  Leona  Cope.    Pp.  119-178, 

with  3  maps.    November,  1919 76 

5.  Yurok  Geography,  by  T.  T.  Waterman.     Pp.  177-314,  plates  1-16,  1  text 

figure,  34  maps.    May,  1920 2.00 

6.  The  Cahuilla  Indians,  by  Lucile  Hooper.    Pp.  315-380.    April,  1920 75 

7.  The  Autobiography  of  a  Winnebago  Indian,  by  Paul  Radin.    Pp.  381-473. 

April,  1920 1.00 

8.  Yuman  Tribes  of  the  Lower  Colorado,  by  A.  L.  Kroeber.    Pp.  475-485. 

August,  1920  25 

Vol.  17.   1.  The  Sources  and  Authenticity  of  the  History  of  the  Ancient  Mexicans,  by 

Paul  Radin.    Pp.  1-150,  17  plates.     June,  1920  „ 1.75 

2.  California  Culture  Provinces,  by  A.  L.  Kroeber (In  press) 

Volumes  now  completed: 

Volume  1.  1903-1904.  378  pages  and  SO  plates _ „ 14.25 

Volume  2.  1904-1907.  393  pages^and  21  plates '. 3.60 

Volume  3.  1905.    The  Morphology  of  the  Hupa  Language,    344  pages 3.50 

Volume  4.  1906-1907.  374  pages,  with  5  tables,  10  plates,  and  map  3.50 

Volume  5.  1907-1910.  384  pages,  with  25  plates  3.50 

Volume  6.  1908.    400  pages,  with  3  maps „ 3.60 

Volume  7.  1907-1910.  443  pages  and  50  plates  _  3.50 

Volume  8.  1908-1910.  369  pages  and  28  plates 3.50 

Volume  9.  1910-1911.  439  pages  3.50 

Volume  10.  1911-1914.  385  pages  and  41  plates _ 3.60 

Volume  11.  1911-1916.  479  pages  and  45  plates —  3.50 

Volume  12.  1916-1917.  473  pages  and  7  plates 5.00 


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